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As a rule, a couple who have not fulfilled the Torah obligation may not use birth control. However, in cases of great necessity, birth control is permitted on a temporary basis. This must be done in a way that avoids wasting seed, by means of the pill or an IUD. When necessary, a diaphragm or spermicide (foam or vaginal suppository) may be used, but not a condom.
After each birth, it is permissible, and even advisable, to take a break for a year in order to allow the woman’s body to recover. After the Torah obligation has been fulfilled, birth control may be used for two years following a birth. It is preferable not to wait longer than this. After the rabbinic obligation has been fulfilled, a couple may use the birth control methods mentioned above, for an unlimited time.
The Torah prohibits male castration. The Sages extend this, prohibiting a woman from rendering herself permanently infertile. If a pregnancy would endanger her, there are halakhic solutions which do not involve sterilization, and which also do not interfere with the couple’s ability to engage in marital relations.
